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Validating the Voodoo Doll Task as a Proxy for Aggressive Parenting Behavior

You should upgrade or use an alternative browser. Voodoo Doll. Remove one time death experience penalty. Use in missions. Id Wheel of Fate. Give 1x item. Obtained from. Caribbean Treasure Map. For players from Lv 15 to Lv Old treasure map 0. Item can be found in Mall. Character Section. Information on this database provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. The real game database could be differed from this one. Most Searched Items. Sealed Blueprint Recovery Type.New Sheepskin Scroll Recovery Type. Invocation Blueprint Recovery Type. Blurry Blueprint Recovery Type. Wyrm Sword Sword, Lv A Rare Item. Tear of Hardin Greatsword, Lv Drop rate 2. Share this item Copy page link. Copy BB code. About Us. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. By continuing to use this site, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Accept Learn more…. Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Further, parents used more pins after imagining their child perform negative behaviors compared to after imagining their child perform positive behaviors Study 5. Finally, on average, parents viewed the VDT as slightly uncomfortable, but not objectionable, to complete Study 6. Our evidence suggests that the VDT may serve as a useful proxy for parent-to-child aggression. Researchers interested in parent-to-child aggression need tools that allow them to efficiently and accurately measure when and for whom parent-to-child aggression is likely to occur. In this vein, the studies described herein examine the validity of a new proxy measure of parent-to-child aggression—the Voodoo Doll Task VDT, e.

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Specifically, we examined whether known risk factors for parent-to-child aggression were associated with performance on a parent-child version of the VDT. Participants are then given an opportunity to symbolically inflict harm upon the target individual by choosing to stick pins into the doll. Sometimes participants physically place pins into the doll and sometimes participants merely report how many pins they would like to stick into a visual image of the doll. The number of pins used during the VDT is the outcome variable, with more pins indicating higher levels of aggression. As noted by DeWall et al. To assess the extent to which the VDT could be used as a proxy for adult-to-adult aggression, DeWall et al. Their results showed that the number of pins used during the VDT was associated with many known correlates of aggressive behaviors, including trait aggression, inclinations towards intimate partner violence, and other lab-based proxies for aggression. DeWall and colleagues also found evidence for the validity of the VDT in both in-person samples and online samples. Although we believe the same psychological mechanism for why the VDT is appropriate for measuring adult-to-adult aggression should generalize to parent-child relationships, our belief alone is insufficient to recommend using a parent-child version of the VDT. Parent-child relationships are different enough from the contexts in which the VDT has previously been used to warrant new, relationship-specific validation work. Researchers have used many methods to assess parent-to-child aggression: retrospective self reports, observational measures, vignettes, and laboratory-based aggression paradigms.Although each approach has contributed to our understanding of aggressive parenting behavior, none are without limitations. The following review discusses these approaches and concludes by noting how a parent-child version of the VDT could help advance research in this area. Although a valuable source of information, retrospective self-reports may be sub-optimal in situations in which one wants to assess the impact of experimental manipulations on the enactment of parent-to-child aggression. For example, use of retrospective self reports may require following parents over time after a manipulation has been introduced. Limited resources and attrition can threaten the feasibility and integrity of such designs. Finally, creating a situation that increases parent-to-child aggression can be useful for testing theories of aggressive parenting behaviors. Direct observation of parenting behavior has been used in studies of parent-to-child aggression e. Observational studies typically involve recording parents interacting with their child ren. These recordings are subsequently coded for the presence of various behaviors, some of which may be aggressive. Moreover, researchers may be required to intervene in the event that parent-to-child aggression escalates during a data collection session.

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Vignettes are useful in that they are easy to administer in either paper-and-pencil studies or online studies, and can be adapted for a wide range of research questions. However, vignettes are limited in that they assess how respondents believe they would respond to a situation, which may not correspond with how they actually would respond. CPA researchers also have used laboratory-based aggression paradigms to assess parent-to-child aggression e. Researchers using these paradigms engineer situations in which parents complete a task and parental aggression is inferred based on task performance. Typical tasks involve an adult interacting with a child remotely through computers in either a collaborative task or a competitive game. In reality, but unbeknownst to the parents, there are no children involved in these studies. During these tasks, parents are given opportunities to provide feedback e. Although useful for assessing parent-to-child aggression, laboratory-based aggression paradigms are not free of limitations e. Such tasks typically require elaborate cover stories involving deception and require special equipment e. Moreover, some have raised questions about whether performance on these laboratory-based tasks is a valid indicator of aggression, or whether it reflects other motives e. For example, providing feedback to a child during a learning task may reflect motivations to help the child learn and improve their performance rather than aggression, even if that feedback is negative. The VDT possesses a number of desirable characteristics while overcoming some limitations of other measurement strategies. Specifically, the VDT a requires no deception; b can be completed in a few minutes; c does not require recording, coding, or elaborate equipment to administer or score; d can be used in both online studies and in-person studies; e pin-insertion behavior straightforwardly reflects aggression, and not other motives; and f allows parents to symbolically aggress against a child while minimizing risk of harm to that child.For these reasons, we believe the VDT can potentially provide CPA researchers with another tool for studying parent-to-child aggression. In each study, a construct was either measured Studies 1—4, Study 6 or manipulated Study 5 prior to parents completing the VDT. In each study, the number of pins used during the VDT was a count variable i. In addition to the coefficients, which indicate the direction of the relationship, we also report rate ratios RR , which indicate the change in pin usage associated with a one unit increase in the predictor variable. Data collected on MTurk have been found to be reliable e. In all of our studies, we restricted our samples to participants in the United States and parents could participate in our studies only once. When the HIT was accepted, participants were forwarded to the survey. Participants were automatically exited from the survey if they failed any of these screening questions. They then answered questions that were unique to each study, completed the VDT, and reported demographic information. When completing the VDT, all parents viewed an outline of a child, imagined the outline represented their child, and indicated how many pins they would like to stick into the doll representing their child. We believe that increased pin usage during the VDT represents increased inclination for parent-to-child aggression. Of people who viewed the survey, were included in the final sample one did not provide consent, seven were not currently parents, three did not provide any data, and five quit before completing the VDT. Ninety-six percent of the sample graduated from high school or higher. The mean participant age was

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We are interested in a time when your child made you angry. This range of pins is consistent with DeWall et al. B 0 is the coefficient for the intercept and B 1 is the coefficient for the predictor variable in the left-hand column. Consistent with DeWall et al. Also, because some parents may associate pin usage with a specific aggressive act e. Of the potential participants who visited the survey, were included in the final sample two did not provide consent, 17 were not currently parents, four did not have a child living with them at least part time, and 16 persons did not complete the VDT. This social desirability scale contains items that ask participants to indicate whether a statement is true of them. Unlike Study 1, parents reported how many pins they would like to stick into the front 0—51 of the imagined child and into the back 0—51 of the imagined child. Although in the same direction, the magnitude of this association is weaker than the association observed in Study 1. At the mean level of social desirability i. Thus, it does not appear that parents associate pin usage with a specific aggressive act such as spanking a child.Whereas Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that trait aggression was associated with pin usage, Study 3 examined whether a state measure of hostility would be positively associated with pin usage. Of people who viewed the survey, were included in the final sample one did not provide consent, 18 were not currently parents, two did not have a child living with them at least part time, and 10 did not complete the VDT. Finally, framing the VDT as a way to express negative feelings did not increase pin usage. Also, to assess whether pin selection is affected by different response formats, parents in the current study made their pin selection using a Likert-type scale rather than by reporting the number of pins that would be used. Out of people who viewed the survey, were included in the final sample 15 were not currently parents, one did not have a child living with them at least part time, and nine did not complete the VDT. Half of the sample was employed This is an 8-item subscale on which participants indicated their level of agreement on a 1 strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree scale. Then, using an eleven-point Likert-type scale, participants separately selected the number of pins 0—10 they would like to stick into the front of their imagined child and into their back of the imagined child. Finally, changing the response format for pin selection did not affect the base rate of pin usage. Whereas Studies 1—4 used individual difference variables to predict pin usage, in Study 5 we wanted to demonstrate that VDT performance is sensitive to manipulated factors. Immediately prior to completing the VDT, we randomly assigned parents either to imagine their child behaving negatively or to imagine their child behaving positively. We hypothesized that parents who imagined their child behaving negatively would use more pins than parents who imagined their child behaving positively. After completing the VDT, parents reported their reasons for their pin selection. Of the persons who visited the survey, were assigned to the negative condition and to the positive condition two persons did not provide consent, 10 were not currently parents, two did not have a child living with them at least part time, and 27 did not complete the VDT. After meeting the inclusion criteria, participants were randomly assigned to view either negative brief vignettes or positive brief vignettes. Parents were instructed to imagine that the vignettes described their own child. Participants then viewed a text box and wrote why they chose that number of pins.

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Before debriefing, in an attempt to minimize the impact of the procedure, participants in the negative condition responded to two of the positive prompts. Two independent coders classified the open-ended responses for why parents chose the number of pins during the VDT. Discrepancies were discussed and resolved by the two coders and the first author. Seven motive categories were identified see Table 2. As expected, parents most often used pins when they indicated that their motive was to physically punish their child. Also, all of the parents who indicated that they would not physically punish their child or they were uncomfortable with the VDT did not to use any pins. Thus, there is little ambiguity in the conclusion that parents in the negative condition symbolically physically punished their imagined child more than parents in the positive condition. Participants who completed Studies 1—5 were recruited through MTurk and completed their study online. The purpose of Study 6 was to use the VDT with a sample of parents who completed the study in-person and had to physically place stickers i. Participants were recruited from the community through flyers or were contacted because they had previously participated in a parenting study and agreed to be contacted for additional study opportunities. Of the persons who were recruited for a study about parenting behaviors, one person was not currently a parent. This left a final sample of parents. After consenting to participate, parents were taken individually to a small research room to complete the study. The study consisted of three stages. Second, participants completed a computer-based task as part of an unrelated study.This unrelated study lasted approximately 15 minutes and did not involve any between-participants conditions. Participants then completed a second set of measures. Specifically, participants completed a paper version of the VDT: Participants wrote about a time their child angered them, viewed a page containing an outline of a child, and were told to imagine that the outline represented the child they wrote about. Stickers were counted as being used if they were placed onto the outline of the child. The number of stickers 0—10 that were placed onto the outline of a child was used as the main outcome variable. One hundred four parents had valid scores on the CAP Inventory: 62 low-risk parents i. On average, parents viewed the VDT as slightly uncomfortable to complete, but did not object to its use in research. A number of demographic variables are reliably associated with CPA see Stith et al. To maximize statistical power, we combined the data from each of the six current samples into one dataset. This combined dataset contained 1, parents; however, due to missing values, individual analyses reflect smaller numbers of parents. The results from these analyses are presented in Table 4. This table contains information from 1, parents; however, due to missing values, individual stratifications reflect smaller numbers of parents. Specifically, we demonstrated that individual differences e. We also gathered evidence for the validity of the VDT as a proxy for aggressive parenting behaviors in both online samples of parents and in samples of parents who completed an in-person version of the VDT. Despite the overall positive results, there are several considerations for researchers who may use the VDT. First, we observed a negative association between socially-desirable responding and pin usage. Second, parents reported slight discomfort when completing the VDT. However, parents also agreed, on average, that it is acceptable for others to complete the VDT and, if given the opportunity, most would have participated again.

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Finally, some readers may be concerned about the artificiality of the VDT. We concede that the VDT is contrived and artificial: Parents are not often in a position to stick pins into Voodoo dolls of their children. However, these superficial aspects of the VDT do not invalidate the evidence we provide in the current manuscript. In addition to the limitations mentioned in the previous paragraph, there are a number of directions to extend the validation work of the current studies. First, we did not associate VDT performance with another indicator of aggressive parenting behaviors. For example, DeWall et al. Similar studies should be conducted to examine whether other measures of parental aggression are associated with VDT performance. Second, we did not assess the reliability of the VDT. DeWall et al. Future studies should test the temporal stability of the VDT for parent-child relationships.Finally, we did not test the VDT across cultures. There may be cultural differences in the extent to which parental aggression against children is acceptable, which underscores the importance for CPA researchers to validate the VDT in populations they intend to study. Although the essence of the VDT was the same across studies, pin usage in the current studies was consistently lower than research that uses the VDT to assess adult-to-adult aggression e. All else being equal, a lower base rate of pin usage weakens statistical power. Our results did not depend on the pin usage response format: We asked parents to report the number of pins they would like to stick into their child, indicate pin usage on a Likert-type scale, or physically place pins i. Thus, it seems that researchers can slightly modify the parent-child VDT to meet their individual research needs without compromising the validity of the task. We believe the VDT would be most informative in these situations when it is used as an additional piece of supporting evidence in conjunction with other assessment tools rather than as a stand-alone assessment measure. Notably, because the VDT does not involve deception, the VDT can be administered to the same parents on multiple occasions as part of a longitudinal assessment. The utility of the VDT may be particularly high in situations in which researchers need a safe, simple, and quick strategy for assessing parent-to-child aggression. Thus, the barriers to further studying the psychometric characteristics of the VDT or using the VDT as an outcome variable in future research are minimal. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Psychol Violence. Author manuscript; available in PMC Jan 1. Randy J. McCarthy , Julie L. Crouch , Ariel R.