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Situated strategically in the Gulf of Varna , the city has been a major economic, social and cultural centre for almost three millennia. Varna is an important centre for business, transportation, education, tourism , entertainment and healthcare. The city is referred to as the maritime capital of Bulgaria and has the headquarters of the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine. The oldest gold treasure in the world, belonging to the Varna culture , was discovered in the Varna Necropolis and dated to — BC. Theophanes the Confessor first mentions the name Varna , as the city came to be known, within the context of the Slavic conquest of the Balkans in the 6th to 7th centuries. The name could be of Varangian origin, as Varangians had been crossing the Black Sea for many years, reaching Constantinople in the early Middle Ages. Vikings invaded the settlement during the Middle Ages. Varuna , or from the Proto-Slavic root varn 'black', or from Iranian bar or var 'camp, fortress' see also Etymological list of provinces of Bulgaria. Perhaps the new name applied initially to an adjacent river or lake, a Roman military camp, or an inland area, and only later to the city itself. By the late 10th century, the name Varna was established so firmly that when Byzantines wrestled back control of the area from the Bulgarians around , they kept it rather than restoring the ancient name Odessos. Prehistoric settlements are best known for the Chalcolithic necropolis mid-5th millennium BC radiocarbon dating , a key archaeological site in world prehistory, eponymous Varna culture and internationally considered the world's oldest large find of gold artefacts, existed within modern city limits. In the wider region of the Varna lakes before the s, freshwater and the adjacent karst springs and caves, over 30 prehistoric settlements have been unearthed with the earliest artefacts dating back to the Middle Paleolithic or , years ago. Since late Bronze Age 13th—12th c. BC the area around Odessos had been populated with Thracians. During 8th—9th c. BC local Thracians had active commercial and cultural contacts with people from Anatolia , Thessaly , Caucasus and the Mediterranean Sea. These links were reflected in some local productions, for example, forms of bronze fibula of the age, either imported or locally made.

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There is no doubt that interactions occurred mostly by sea and the bay of Odessos is one of the places where the exchanges took place. Some scholars consider that during the 1st millennium BC, the region was also settled by the half-mythical Cimmerians. An example of their, probably accidental, presence, is the tumulus dated 8th—7th c. BC found near Belogradets , Varna Province. The region around Odessos was densely populated with Thracians long before the coming of the Greeks on the west seashore of the Black Sea. Pseudo-Scymnus writes: " Around the city [Odessos] lives the Thracian tribe named Crobises. The Thracians in the region were ruled by kings, who entered into unions with the Odrysian kingdom , Getae or Sapaeans —large Thracian states existing between 5th—1st c. Archaeological findings have indicated that the population of northeast Thrace was very diverse, including the region around Odessos. During 6th—4th c. BC the region was populated with Scythians who normally inhabited the central Eurasian Steppe South Russia and Ukraine and partly the area south of river Istros the Thracian name of lower Danube. Characteristic for their culture weapons and bronze objects are found all over the region. Scythian horse ornaments are produced in "animal style", which is very close to the Thracian style, a possible explanation for the frequent mixture of both folks in northeastern Thrace. Many bronze artefacts give testimony for such process, for example, applications and front plates for horseheads, as well as moulds for such products in nearby and more distanced settlements. Since the 4th c. BC the region had been populated by more Getae , which is a Thracian tribe populating both shores around the Danube Delta. Celts started populating the region after their invasion of the Balkan peninsula in BC. All over northeast Bulgaria and even near Odessos were found a significant number of bronze items with Celtic ornaments and typical weapons, all quickly adopted by Thracians.Probably after the downfall of his kingdom, Celts blended with the greatly numbered Thracians in the country. Between the 2nd—1st c. Their "kings" minted their coins in mints located in cities on the west Black Sea coast, including Odessos. The Thracians in northeast Thrace seem to be underdeveloped compared to their counterparts in South Thrace. The people lived in two types of settlements: non-fortified, located in fertile lands near water sources and stone-built fortresses in hard to reach mountain environment, where were usually located the kings' residences. Thracians engaged in farming, wood processing, hunting and fishing. Among their art crafts is metal processing—especially weapons, excelling processing of bronze, making of bracelets, rings, Thracian type of fibulas, horse ornaments, arrowheads. Local goldsmiths used gold and silver to produce typical Thracian plate armour, ceremonial ornaments for the horses of the kings and the aristocracy, as well as valuable pateras and ritons. Despite ethnic diversity, numerous internal and external conflicts, and cultural differences, the populations of northeastern Bulgaria and the cities along the seashore have demonstrated stable tolerance to each other. Conservatism is easily noticed in ceramic items and in religion. The highest deity of all was the Thracian horseman , who had different names and functions in different places.

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During the centuries, especially by the end of the Hellenistic period 2nd—1st c. BC , Thracians adopted the more elaborated Hellenistic culture, thus acting as an intermediate for the continental Thracians. BC the earliest Greek archaeological material is dated — BC , or, according to Pseudo-Scymnus , in the time of Astyages here, usually — BC is suggested , within an earlier Thracian settlement. The name Odessos could have been pre-Greek, arguably of Carian origin. Excavations at nearby Thracian sites have shown uninterrupted occupation from the 7th to the 4th century BC and close commercial relations with the colony. The Greek alphabet has been used for inscriptions in Thracian since at least the 5th century BC. Odessos was included in the assessment of the Delian league of BC. In BC, it was unsuccessfully besieged by Philip II priests of the Getae persuaded him to conclude a treaty but surrendered to Alexander the Great in BC, and was later ruled by his diadochus Lysimachus , against whom it rebelled in BC as part of a coalition with other Pontic cities and the Getae. Nevertheless, at the end of the 4th c. BC the city became one of the strongholds of Lysimachus. The city became very prosperous from this time due to strong sea trade with many of the Mediterranean states and cities supported by a wide range of local products. The Roman city, Odessus , first included into the Praefectura orae maritimae and then in 15 AD annexed to the province of Moesia later Moesia Inferior , covered 47 hectares in present-day central Varna and had prominent public baths, Thermae , erected in the late 2nd century AD so-called Large North Ancient Roman Thermae , now the largest Roman remains in Bulgaria the building was m Major athletic games were held every five years, possibly attended by Gordian III in The main aqueduct of Odessos was recently discovered during rescue excavations [21] north of the defensive wall.The aqueduct was built in three construction periods between the 4th and the 6th centuries; in the 4th century the aqueduct was built together with the city wall, then at the end of the 4th to early 5th centuries when a pipeline was laid inside the initial masonry aqueduct. Thirdly in the 6th century, an extra pipeline was added parallel to the original west of it and entered the city through a reconstruction of the fortress wall. The city minted coins, both as an autonomous polis and under the Roman Empire from Trajan to Salonina , the wife of Gallienus , some of which survive. Odessos was an early Christian centre, as testified by ruins of twelve early basilicas, [22] a monophysite monastery, and indications that one of the Seventy Disciples , Ampliatus , follower of Saint Andrew who, according to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church legend, preached in the city in 56 CE , served as bishop there. In 6th-century imperial documents, it was referred to as "holiest city," sacratissima civitas. In , it became a focal point of the Vitalian revolt. In , Justinian I made it the seat of the Quaestura exercitus ruled by a prefect of Scythia or quaestor Justinianus and including Lower Moesia, Scythia , Caria, the Aegean Islands and Cyprus; later, the military camp outside Odessos was the seat of another senior Roman commander, magister militum per Thracias. Numerous 7th-century Bulgar settlements have been excavated across the city and further west; the Varna lakes north shores, of all regions, were arguably most densely populated by Bulgars. It has been suggested that Asparukh was aware of the importance of the Roman military camp campus tribunalis established by Justinian I outside Odessos and considered it or its remnants as the legitimate seat of power for both Lower Moesia and Scythia. Control changed from Byzantine to Bulgarian hands several times during the Middle Ages. In the late 9th and the first half of the 10th century, Varna was the site of a principal scriptorium of the Preslav Literary School at a monastery endowed by Boris I who may have also used it as his monastic retreat. The scriptorium may have played a key role in the development of Cyrillic script by Bulgarian scholars under the guidance of one of Saints Cyril and Methodius ' disciples. The synthetic culture with Hellenistic Thracian, Roman, as well as eastern—Armenian, Syrian, Persian—traits that developed around Odessos in the 6th century under Justinian I, may have influenced the Pliska-Preslav culture of the First Bulgarian Empire, ostensibly in architecture and plastic decorative arts, but possibly also in literature, including Cyrillic scholarship.

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In , Kaloyan took over the Varna fortress, then in Byzantine hands, on Holy Saturday using a siege tower , and secured it for the Second Bulgarian Empire. By the late 13th century, with the Treaty of Nymphaeum of , the offensive-defensive alliance between Michael VIII Palaeologus and Genoa that opened up the Black Sea to Genoese commerce, Varna had turned into a thriving commercial port city frequented by Genoese and later also by Venetian and Ragusan merchant ships. The first two maritime republics held consulates and had expatriate colonies there Ragusan merchants remained active at the port through the 17th century operating from their colony in nearby Provadiya. The city was flanked by two fortresses with smaller commercial ports of their own, Kastritsi and Galata, within sight of each other, and was protected by two other strongholds overlooking the lakes, Maglizh and Petrich. Wheat, animal skins, honey and wax, wine, timber and other local agricultural produce for the Italian and Constantinople markets were the chief exports, and Mediterranean foods and luxury items were imported. The city introduced its own monetary standard, the Varna perper , by the midth century; Bulgarian and Venetian currency exchange rate was fixed by a treaty. Fine jewellery, household ceramics, fine leather and food processing, and other crafts flourished; shipbuilding developed in the Kamchiya river mouth. Fourteenth-century Italian portolan charts showed Varna as arguably the most important seaport between Constantinople and the Danube delta; they usually labelled the region Zagora. The city was unsuccessfully besieged by Amadeus VI of Savoy, who had captured all Bulgarian fortresses to the south of it, including Galata, in In , Varna briefly became the capital of the spinoff Principality of Karvuna , then was taken over by the Ottomans in and again in , ceded temporarily to Manuel II Palaeologus in perhaps until , and sacked by Tatars in On 10 November , one of the last major battles of the Crusades in European history was fought outside the city walls. The Christian army was attacked by a superior force of 55, or 60, Ottomans led by sultan Murad II. The failure of the Crusade of Varna made the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in all but inevitable, and Varna with all of Bulgaria was to remain under Ottoman domination for over four centuries.A major port, agricultural, trade and shipbuilding centre for the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries, preserving a significant and economically active Bulgarian population, Varna was later made one of the Quadrilateral Fortresses along with Rousse , Shumen, and Silistra severing Dobruja from the rest of Bulgaria and containing Russia in the Russo-Turkish wars. The Russians temporarily took over in and again in , following the prolonged Siege of Varna , returning it to the Ottomans two years later after the medieval fortress was razed. In the early 19th century, many local Greeks joined the patriotic organisation Filiki Eteria. As a result, local notables that participated in the Greek national movement were executed by the Ottoman authorities, while others managed to escape to Greece and continue their struggle. The British and French campaigning against Russia in the Crimean War — used Varna as headquarters and principal naval base; many soldiers died of cholera and the city was devastated by a fire. A British and a French monument mark the cemeteries where cholera victims were interred. In , the first railroad in Bulgaria connected Varna with the Rousse on the Danube, linking the Ottoman capital Constantinople with Central Europe; for a few years, the Orient Express ran through that route. The port of Varna developed as a major supplier of food—notably wheat from the adjacent breadbasket Southern Dobruja —to Constantinople and a busy hub for European imports to the capital; 12 foreign consulates opened in the city. Local Bulgarians took part in the National Revival ; Vasil Levski set up a secret revolutionary committee. In , the city, which had 26, inhabitants, was given to Bulgaria by Russian troops, who entered on 27 July. Varna became a front city in the First Balkan War and the First World War ; its economy was badly affected by the temporary loss of its agrarian hinterland of Southern Dobruja to Romania —16 and — One of the early centres of industrial development and the Bulgarian labour movement, Varna established itself as the nation's principal port of export, a major grain-producing and viticulture centre, seat of the nation's oldest institution of higher learning outside Sofia, a popular venue for international festivals and events, and the country's de facto summer capital with the erection of the Euxinograd royal summer palace currently, the Bulgarian government convenes summer sessions there. Mass tourism emerged since the late s.

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Heavy industry and trade with the Soviet Union boomed in the s to the s. From 20 December to 20 October the city was renamed Stalin by the communist government after Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. Varna became a popular resort for Eastern Europeans, who were barred from travelling to the West until The city occupies km 2 92 sq mi [27] on verdant terraces Varna monocline of the Moesian platform descending from the calcareous Franga Plateau height m or 1, ft on the north and Avren Plateau on the south, along the horseshoe-shaped Varna Bay of the Black Sea , the elongated Lake Varna , and two artificial waterways connecting the bay and the lake and bridged by the Asparuhov most. It is the centre of a growing conurbation stretching along the seaboard 20 km 12 mi north and 10 km 6 mi south mostly residential and recreational sprawl and along the lake 25 km 16 mi west mostly transportation and industrial facilities. Since antiquity, the city has been surrounded by vineyards, orchards, and forests. Commercial shipping facilities are being relocated inland into the lakes and canals, while the bay remains a recreation area; almost all the waterfront is parkland. It enjoys a mild climate influenced by the sea with long, mild, akin to Mediterranean, autumns, and sunny and hot, yet considerably cooler than Mediterranean summers moderated by breezes and regular rainfall. Although Varna receives about two-thirds of the average rainfall for Bulgaria, abundant groundwater keeps its wooded hills lush throughout summer. The city is cut off from north and northeast winds by hills along the north arm of the bay, yet January and February still can be bitterly cold at times, with blizzards. Black Sea water has become cleaner after due to decreased chemical fertiliser in farming; it has low salinity, lacks large predators or poisonous species, and the tidal range is virtually imperceptible. The city lies km mi north-east of Sofia; the nearest major cities are Dobrich 45 km or 28 mi to the north , Shumen 80 km or 50 mi to the west , and Burgas km or 78 mi to the south-west. The specific Black sea climate is milder than the inland parts of the country and the sea influence lowers the effect of the occasional cold air masses from the north-east. Average precipitation is the lowest for the country and sunshine is abundant. Snow is possible in the coldest months, but can quickly melt. The highest temperature ever recorded was Varna regional court is one of the busiest courts in the country. The city also headquarters the district, administrative, and military court, and a court of appeal as well as regional, military, and appellate prosecutor's offices. The boroughs are composed of various districts with distinctive characters and histories.Varna was rumoured to be the hub of Bulgarian organised crime. Some sectors of the economy, including gambling, corporate security, tourism, real estate, and professional sports, were believed to be controlled in part by business groups with links to Communist-era secret services or the military. However, it is noted that in Varna, the so-called mutri Mafia presence was by no means as visible as it was in smaller coastal towns and resorts. Over the last couple of years, crime has subsided, which is said to have contributed to Varna being named as Bulgaria's Best City to Live In ; [36] in , the regional police chief was promoted to the helm of the national police service. Varna is twinned with: [38]. The first population data date back to the midth century when the town was thought to have about 4, inhabitants, [39] while the first population census in counted 24, Thereafter Varna became Bulgaria's third-largest city and kept this position steadily for the next years, while different cities took turns in the first, second, and fourth places. In January , the city of Varna has a population of ,, which makes it the third-largest city in Bulgaria, while the Varna Municipality along with the legally affiliated adjacent villages had , inhabitants. Varna is one of the few cities in Bulgaria with a positive natural growth births vs. Since December , various sources, including the Bulgarian National Television , national newspapers, research agencies, the mayor's office, and local police, claim that Varna has a population by present address of over ,, making it the nation's second-largest city. In , Deputy Mayor Venelin Zhechev estimated the actual population at , In January , the Financial Times said that "Varna now draws about 30, new residents a year. If unregistered population plus the commuters from the adjacent municipalities are taken into consideration, the real population of the city during a work day reaches , Varna attracts 2 to 3 million tourists a year, as the holidaymakers may reach as many as , daily during the high season. Thus, there are about , people in the city in July and August. These are mostly students of the medical university of Varna. Armenians , Greeks , Jews, and other long-standing ethnic groups are also present although in much smaller numbers. With the departure of most Turks and Greeks and the arrival of Bulgarian refugees and settlers from inland, Northern Dobruja , Bessarabia , and Asia Minor , and later, of refugees from Macedonia , Eastern Thrace and Southern Dobruja following the Second Balkan War and the First World War, ethnic diversity gave way to Bulgarian predominance, although sizeable minorities of Gagauz , Armenians, and Sephardic Jews remained for decades. According to the census in Bulgaria, the Turkish language was a mother tongue for people

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By ethnic group, ethnic Bulgarians were then 6,, of whom men and women. According to the latest census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows: [58] [59]. In Varna Municipality , declared as Bulgarians, 11, as Turks, 3, as Romani and 34, did not declare their ethnic group. According to the census data, the ethnic composition was as follows: [60]. Economically, Varna is among the best-performing and fastest-growing Bulgarian cities. In the unemployment rate is 3. As of December , the fallout of the global financial crisis has not yet been hard. The city is the easternmost destination of Pan-European transport corridor 8 and is connected to corridors 7 and 9 via Rousse. Major industries traditionally include transportation Navibulgar , Port of Varna , Varna Airport , distribution Logistics Park Varna [63] , shipbuilding see also Oceanic-Creations , ship repair, [64] and other marine industries. The largest port in Bulgaria is the Port of Varna through which over 7m tonnes of freight moves annually. In June , Eni and Gazprom disclosed the South Stream project whereby a kilometre-long mile offshore natural gas pipeline from Russia's Dzhubga with annual capacity of 63 billion metres billion feet was planned to come ashore at Varna, possibly near the Galata offshore gas field, en route to Italy and Austria. Nevertheless, the project was stopped due to the EU-Russia conflict. With the nearby towns of Beloslav and Devnya , Varna forms the Varna-Devnya Industrial Complex , home to some of the largest chemical, thermal power, and manufacturing facilities in Bulgaria, including Varna Thermal Power Plant and Sodi Devnya , the two largest cash privatisation deals in the country's recent history. There are also notable facilities for radio navigation devices, household appliances, security systems, textiles, apparel, food and beverages, printing, and other industries. Some manufacturing veterans are giving way to post-industrial developments: an ECE shopping mall is taking the place of the former VAMO diesel engine works and the Varna Brewery is being replaced by a convention centre. Tourism is of foremost importance with the suburban beachfront resorts of Golden Sands , Riviera Holiday Club , Sunny Day, Saints Constantine and Helena attracting around 1 million foreign tourists in The resorts received considerable internal and foreign investment in the late s and early in the first decade of the 21st century, and are environmentally sound, being located reassuringly far from chemical and other smokestack industries. Varna is also Bulgaria's only international cruise destination with 36 cruises for and a major international conference and SPA centre. Varna South Bay is also becoming a popular area for tourists. The highest building in the city is Interhotel Cherno More at Real estate boomed in — with some of the highest prices in the country, by fall surpassing Sofia. In Varna is second in terms of construction projects. In retail, the city not only has the assortment of international big-box retailers, now found in larger Bulgarian cities, but boasts made-in-Varna national chains with locations spreading over the country such as retailer Piccadilly , the famous restaurant chain Happy and pharmacy chain Sanita. Mall Varna , Grand Mall and Delta Planet Mall are the three largest shopping centres in Varna, turning the city into an attractive shopping destination. The city has many of the finest eateries in the nation and abounds in ethnic food places. There is a plethora of Internet cafes and many places, including parks, are covered by free public wireless internet service. There are bus routes to many Bulgarian and international cities from two bus terminals. The public transport system is managed by "City Transport Varna" and has been recently modernised. Ticket prices are reasonable: from 1lv 0. Along with local buses, trolleybuses , fixed-route minibus lines, there is also a large fleet of taxis. In , a light rail LRT system was proposed by the municipality. It is expected to connect the airport with the central part of the city, with several underground sections and stations. The funding will be provided by the EU programmes. City landmarks include the Varna Archaeological Museum , exhibiting the Gold of Varna , the Roman Baths , the Battle of Varna Park Museum, the Naval Museum in the Italianate Villa Assareto displaying the museum ship Drazki torpedo boat , the Museum of Ethnography in an Ottoman-period compound featuring the life of local urban dwellers, fisherfolk, and peasants in the late 19th and early 20th century. You can see the highlight landmarks using Varna City Card — it combines all essential cultural locations, gives many discounts to tourists in restaurants and bars, and overall saves money.